tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23183924050989257572024-03-06T09:39:12.979+08:00HamzSyaz (MgT 300:InFoRmAtIoN TeChNoLoGy iN BuSiNeSs)Welcome to My FutureAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-71514607398188395442013-09-24T14:52:00.003+08:002013-09-24T15:03:19.656+08:00CHAPTER 19 – OUTSOURCING IN THE 21ST CENTURY<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
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<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: cyan;">OUTSOURCING
</span><span style="color: lime;">PROJECTS</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">~></span><i> <span style="color: magenta;">Insourcing
(in-house-development)</span></i><span style="color: red;"> – A common approach using the professional expertise
within an organization to develop and maintain the organization’s information
technology systems.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">~> </span><i><span style="color: magenta;">Outsourcing</span></i><span style="color: red;">
– An arrangement by which one organization provides a service or services for
another organization that chooses not to perform them in-house.</span></span>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: magenta;">=>> </span><i><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">Onshore
outsourcing </span></i><span style="color: magenta;">– engaging another company within the same country for services.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: magenta;">=>> </span><i><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">Near
shore outsourcing</span> </i><span style="color: magenta;">– contracting an outsourcing arrangement with a company in a
nearby country.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: magenta;">=>> </span><i><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">Offshore
outsourcing </span></i><span style="color: magenta;">– using organizations from developing countries to write code and
develop systems.</span></span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">=>> Big
selling point for offshore outsourcing “inexpensive good work”.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">=>> Factors
driving outsourcing growth include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§> Core
competencies.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§> Financial
savings.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§> Rapid
growth.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§> Industry
changes.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§> The
Internet.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§> Globalization.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ø> According
to PricewaterhouseCoopers “Businesses that outsource are growing faster, larger
and more profitable than those that do not”.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ø> Most
organizations outsource their noncore business functions, such as payroll and
IT.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta;">OUTSOURCING
</span><span style="color: orange;">BENEFITS</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">Ø>> Outsourcing
benefits include:</span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Increased
quality and efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Reduced
operating expenses.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Outsourcing
non-core processes.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Reduced
exposure to risk.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Economies
of scale, expertise and best practices.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Access
to advanced technologies.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Increased
flexibility.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Avoid
costly outlay of capital funds.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Reduced
headcount and associated overhead expense.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">§~Reduced
time to market for products or services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: cyan;">OUTSOURCING
</span><span style="color: yellow;">CHALLENGES</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">=>> Outsourcing
challenges include:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">§> Contract
length:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Difficulties
in getting out of a contract.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Problems
in foreseeing future needs.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: lime;">3. Problems
in reforming an internal IT department after the contract is finished.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">§> Competitive
edge.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">§> Confidentiality.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">§> Scope
definition. </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-61437371331098622132013-09-24T14:22:00.000+08:002013-09-24T14:23:57.804+08:00CHAPTER 15 – CREATING COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIPS<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">TEAMS,
</span><span style="color: lime;">PARTNERSHIPS </span><span style="color: cyan;">AND ALLIANCES</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> >>> Organizations
create and use teams, partnerships and alliances to:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Ø~</b><b>Undertake
new initiatives.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Ø~</b><b>Address
both minor and major problems.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Ø~</b><b>Capitalize
on significant opportunities.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">>>> Organizations
create teams, partnerships and alliances both internally with employees and
externally with other organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: orange;">>>> Collaboration
system – supports the work of teams by facilitating the sharing and flow of
information.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><u><span style="color: magenta;">Information
partnerships with other organizations</span></u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><img height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHbJl2W6GZZkwoH8hbVQ73B-ROVqzR34pbKpS6cWSy4qh9qilthm09Y1NLuNfmfeI0ktP3AG2GIgXb42zWNKPLwN2T3mu5btYJi2Tvzwz5Eaq1wJuJzRMQeQ3NDZYU-YP9-Dxe7NyMyMGv/s400/15.png" width="400" /></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">=>> Organizations
from alliance and partnerships with other organizations based on their core
competency:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;">§~</span><i><span style="color: orange;">Core Competency</span> </i><span style="color: yellow;">– An organization’s key strength, a business function that it does
better than any of its competitors.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;">§~</span><i><span style="color: orange;">Core Competency Strategy </span></i><span style="color: yellow;">– Organization chooses to focus specifically on its core
competency and forms partnerships with other organizations to handle
nonstrategic business processes.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">=>> Information
technology can make a business partnership easier to establish and manage:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;">§~</span><i><span style="color: orange;">Information Partnerships </span></i><span style="color: yellow;">– Occurs when two or more organizations cooperate by integrating
their IT systems, thereby providing customers with the best of what each can
offer.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;">=>> </span><i><span style="color: orange;">The
internet has dramatically increased the ease and availability for IT </span></i><span style="color: yellow;">– enabled
organizational alliance and partnerships.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta;">COLLABORATION
</span><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">SYSTEMS</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan;">Ø Collaboration
solves specific business tasks such as telecommuting, online meetings,
deploying applications, and remote project and sales management.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan;">Ø</span> <i><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Collaboration System</span></i><span style="color: cyan;"> – An IT- based set of tools that supports the work of teams by
facilitating the sharing and flow of information.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan;">Ø Two
categories of collaboration:</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan;">1.</span><i><span style="color: cyan;"> </span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Unstructured Collaboration (Information Collaboration)</span><span style="color: cyan;"> </span></i><span style="color: cyan;">– includes document exchange, shared
whiteboards, discussion forums, and email.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan;">2.</span><i><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"> Structured Collaboration (Process Collaboration)</span><span style="color: cyan;"> </span></i><span style="color: cyan;">– involves shared participation in
business processes such as workflow in which knowledge is hard-coded as rules.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;">Collaborative
business functions </span><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7bgHmmCE5S2wTB8PfWogUJKgAEI65AbkDjiAuCJg47NNM0P3tLUDpbjQeKzz0F1sx_auDT37EWdF7LHCeotYSI-CebQjt0NuGHWUdoTzTVVvfi7Wdm84Lz59uOs59-VRj9SGwUCDXCy1w/s400/151.png" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><i><span style="color: orange;">>>> <u>Collaboration Systems include:</u></span></i><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><i><u style="background-color: black;"><br /></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">=> Knowledge Management Systems.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">=> Content Management Systems.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">=> Workflow Management Systems.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">=> Groupware Systems.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: lime;">KNOWLEDGE
</span><span style="color: magenta;">MANAGEMENT </span><span style="color: cyan;">SYSTEMS</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Ø </span><i><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">Knowledge Management (KM) </span></i><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">– involves capturing, classifying, evaluating, retrieving and
sharing information assets in a way that provides context for effective
decisions and actions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Ø </span><i><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">Knowledge Management System</span></i><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"> – supports the capturing and use of an organization’s
“know-how”.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: orange;">CONTENT </span><span style="color: yellow;">MANAGEMENT</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">Ø </span><i><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">Content Management System (CMS)</span></i><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"> – provides tools to manage the creation, storage, editing and publication of information in a collaborative environment.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;">Ø CMS marketplace includes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;">>> Document Management System (DMS).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;">>> Digital Assets Management System (DAM).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;">>> Web Content Management System (WCM).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: magenta;">WORKFLOW </span><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">MANAGEMENT </span><span style="color: #ea9999;">SYSTEMS</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8;">=>> Work activities can be performed in series or in parallel that involves people and automated computer systems.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">=>></span><i> <span style="color: cyan;">Workflow</span></i><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"> – defines all the steps or business rules, from beginning to end, required for a business process.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">=>> </span><span style="color: cyan;"><i>Workflow management system</i> </span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">– facilitates the automation and management of business processes and controls the movement of work through the business process.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">=>></span><span style="color: cyan;"> <i>Messaging-based workflow system</i></span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"> – sends work assignments through an email system.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">=>> </span><i><span style="color: cyan;">Database-based workflow system</span></i><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"> – stores documents in a central location and automatically asks the team members to access the document when it is their turn to edit the document.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Handwriting'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: lime;">GROUPWARE </span><span style="color: orange;">SYSTEMS</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #f9cb9c;"><u>Groupware Technologies</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkMu4XbwC4JZnVIixQH14P7qHitlQpiyt8XePD4DiWImIJwnZvjFMJaVOr1vtkVU_tR6bcB8UfxB4ffKqyB-u9xtN_OqlItX8izyek-8YssO3xtQhqcHs8neAwR9bFGpJVnrliDvxsMpnP/s400/153.png" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6;">>>><i> Groupware</i> – software that supports teams interaction and dynamics including calendaring, scheduling and videoconferencing .<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwKtvP-iTsLmhK3590iEea85YbZ0-SPhuVUzo410c5RRQY4GzKLQxcctDiGhIvkUdIiCWfW6sNmkLtZkmCOD-u1JVNeK5S07aAd-0Vb3OdDP8frMtW18tR1d0X1isAvMKjJ1Ly62DbToot/s1600/156.png"><br /></a><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwKtvP-iTsLmhK3590iEea85YbZ0-SPhuVUzo410c5RRQY4GzKLQxcctDiGhIvkUdIiCWfW6sNmkLtZkmCOD-u1JVNeK5S07aAd-0Vb3OdDP8frMtW18tR1d0X1isAvMKjJ1Ly62DbToot/s400/156.png" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red;">EXPLICIT </span><span style="color: cyan;">AND
TACIT </span><span style="color: yellow;">KNOWLEDGE</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;">=>>> Intellectual
and knowledge-based assets fall into two categories:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">1.</span><i> <span style="color: magenta;">Explicit
knowledge</span></i><span style="color: #ea9999;"> – consists of anything that can be documented, archived, and
codified, often with the help of IT.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">2.</span><i> <span style="color: magenta;">Tacit
knowledge</span></i><span style="color: magenta;"> </span><span style="color: #ea9999;">– knowledge contained in people’s heads.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;">=>>> The
following are two best practices for transferring or recreating tacit knowledge:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">1. </span><i><span style="color: magenta;">Shadowing</span></i><span style="color: #ea9999;">
– less experienced staff observe more experienced staff to learn how their more
experienced counterparts approach their work.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">2. </span><i><span style="color: magenta;">Joint
problem solving</span></i><span style="color: #ea9999;"> – a novice and expert work together on a project.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><u><span style="color: yellow;">Reasons
why organizations launch knowledge management programs: </span></u><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNjpDwfl_dD4lEknRLa9RLeck1Ofn2L4aZa1jkIvHvVkV2zPvcHoXOayeRzVnJqhM9-vHj_VkEsrxB9nzS0SzWoYKdeMIhf1JBztJJ3IOI8d8HR5VbGuTIvDnviREptNWeTDIFVkcu75yl/s400/152.png" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: lime;">WORKING</span><span style="color: cyan;">
WIKIS</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ffe599;">>> </span><span style="color: orange;"><i>Wikis</i>
</span><span style="color: #ffe599;">– web-based tools that make it easy for users to add, remove, and change online
content.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ffe599;">>> </span><span style="color: orange;"><i>Business Wikis</i> </span><span style="color: #ffe599;">– collaborative web pages that allows users to edit documents, share
ideas or monitor the status of a project.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">WEB
</span><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">CONFERENCING</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: magenta;">>> </span><i><span style="color: red;">Web Conferencing</span></i><span style="color: magenta;"> – blends audio, video and document-sharing technologies to create
virtual meeting rooms where people “gather” at a password-protected website.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrtACb-6RwLTC-ZEjCiq-F7ctmS16fvd_Zb8UBcO84iS2qNeejkHFHuxTpiuI5M1WxSX0fdZqZSyC6luU4zmBPOgFcbsVMwgo8GFu38zKDsngyPMGj7TjZnCiqgienG9DSor4WbZc8WRXZ/s400/154.jpg" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: cyan;">VIDEO</span><span style="color: yellow;">CONFERENCING</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">>></span><span style="color: orange;"> <i>Video Conference</i></span><span style="color: #ea9999;"> – A set of interactive telecommunication technologies that allow two
or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions
simultaneously. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7jG12J88Hfw9e8lVcItruMWy4OsKu5iQ7yE1NRKUgzwiXZFN80NeWc5iocf8zAalPOBAYqWleRomX65g1e2NtE5scYy8Vwe80XZLu2XFlSaY-I8POVm5wV7ic2OL2i2ht3Lm-OWpQ_qP7/s1600/155.jpg" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: lime;">INSTANT
</span><span style="color: red;">MESSAGING</span>
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span></u></i></b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">=>> Email
is the dominant form of collaboration application, but real-time collaboration
tools like instant messaging are creating a new communication dynamic.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">=>>Instant
messaging – types of communications service that enables someone to create a
kind of private chat room with another individual to communicate in real-time
over the internet.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan;">=>> Instant
messaging application. </span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU5AeKusQImxTCytgCrYw4ZpQXbFsqHso_EPpoOul2lqs_3YPcfjgFshUQT4BYoEqAEikAogV2i4Tvfso4AJvFjgQmkoajhHe7W48yE1c0bBvKdiunlr3AkDo1bGKvreXNpUWVCl2WzVK5/s400/157.png" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-24258954232742356282013-09-24T01:49:00.001+08:002013-09-24T02:48:19.734+08:00CHAPTER 14 : E - BUSINESS<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;"><i>E-BUSINESS</i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 41.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">>>><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
internet is a powerful channel that presents new opportunities for organization
to;<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> Ø<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Touch
customers.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> Ø<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Enrich
products and services with information.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: black;"> Ø<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Reduce
costs.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 41.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">>>><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->How
do E-Commerce and E-Business differ?<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><b style="color: cyan; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ø<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></b><b style="color: cyan; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>E-Commerce
– the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><b style="color: cyan; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ø<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></b><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>E-Business
– the conducting of business on the internet including, not only buying and
selling, but also serving customers and collaborating with business partners.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: x-large;"><i>INDUSTRIES USING E-BUSINESS</i></span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSjYmzoZDIJ5cY683MI2x8ndiFFlCWoCOEfjdRMYNBTGFKY3JrIrbATdrsoMN8W543eed3J6fGNZgurZ0wBuPY3N4XZYmprwL7nipbYKAR7Oc8uyUkx-tXTUZmMRYlnaL6NvFOneY7-ZoO/s1600/141.png" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><i>E-BUSINESS MODELS</i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>>> E
- Business Model – An approach to conducting electronic business on the
Internet: <o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR9tRH-FgsvkVbuxS7sgfb8YG65I2AUZechs0mmpdqTbM0JDOvb6mrlRbjMh6iqdqzGNUVDyTaBe9XMLZFNfsPBEtmwfP9iKC4baT4CNjdw-_frowO1sD-cKyh-ioRXUJg1ZqjGSISbXcq/s1600/14.png" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: red;"><img height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbANEGPjgs1ikDRz5axR8zyO3sNYvD-v4xTw8VL4A5rEuJT8j32pUAPhcQT5L35WFhwXWeeZkV5aOcDISKlqUbQnezmCgagPXjBHjh8zlBEvq0n-TUPXqfuUa3B4eEjc3mcvaaupkUKp3P/s400/142.png" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><i>BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS (B2B)</i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>>> Electronic
marketplace (E market place) – interactive business communities providing a
central market where multiple buyers and sellers can engage in e business
activities. </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Hd9E84TEs5iEExIVXE8ZvjEUCNCoKDWmnlt1KRFAClp5hFrMPLjddGbOypiEws7cumbZhbya9JArYu_0zlu8LHanzHN16GKKsDV7dfMfnJMdizDu7ijHQunlzFh-rrUZqgIgXnSN0j4e/s1600/143.png" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span style="color: yellow; font-size: x-large;"><i>BUSINESS-TO-CONSUMER (B2C)</i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>>>
Common B2C E-Business Models include;<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ E-Shop – A version of retail store where customers can shop at any hour of the
day without leaving their home or office.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ E-Mall – Consists of a number of e shops; it serves as a gateway through which a
visitor can access other e shops.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>>>
Business types;<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ Brick-and-mortar
business.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ Pure-play
business.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: orange;">~ Click-and-mortar
business.</span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb7RuyEvak1aG7obNjXu77dGgQW31uvTa4wZ7mhFRfZ6dNHOpfx23FRAN1TbyNYY46wK2wzIPLK6v4QGaYrHgzem_peEM3q_pGShR-JBVA4Y4aT_h7CDCToLg0qxfYL85U1yXhSldwrBfd/s1600/144.png" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: DFKai-SB;"><i style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;">CONSUMER-TO-BUSINESS (C2B)</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>> <a href="http://priceline.com/">Priceline.com</a>
is an example of a C2B e business model.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>> The
demand for C2B e business will increase over the next few years due to
customer’s desire for greater convenience and lower prices.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi90RRYkzD7UnyAt_yhyphenhyphen1y61_6b3hSflXYqwjz72MSKbHCrXDuuoBp0nFpPq9vilPbCYY-Gtu04RXyZllgIV-kxB4dN99Ku0QI_3YkSuCluKuxCFRM3nfh91c7_nGgR7vZRZgcA3zL87YEU/s1600/145.png" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;"><i>CONSUMER-TO-CONSUMER (C2C)</i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><u>>> Online
auctions:</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Electronic Auction (E auction)</span><span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> – Sellers and buyers solicit consecutive bids from each
other and prices are determined dynamically.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Forward Auction</span><span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> – Sellers use as a selling channel to many buyers and the highest bid
wins.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Reverse Auction</span><span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> – Buyers use to purchase a product or service, selecting the seller
with the lowest bid.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><u>>> C2C
communities include:</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ </span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Communities
of Interest</span><span style="color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> – People interact with each other on specific topics, such as
golfing and stamps collecting.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ </span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Communities
of Relations </span><span style="color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">– People come together to share certain life experiences, such as
cancer patients, senior citizens, and car enthusiasts.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">~ </span><span style="color: cyan;">Communities
of Fantasy</span><span style="color: #b4a7d6;"> – People participate in imaginary environments, such as fantasy
football teams and playing one-to-one with Michael Jordan.</span><span style="color: #ea9999;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-qjCNbWX6jDSjhEC7p8ibnEM1Ns48FXX3gjIVK0cPJgHuPpcpha6FbVcOGdwQs9dUleCjjoLG8kuuVb2nhEWItGfwFO9Fs2MbaEyrNuFXk9lP3ISrcab9Rj7sg6ZFGJUuYZzqbZs86_jg/s1600/146.png" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: x-large;"><i><span style="color: yellow;">E-BUSINESS BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>>> E-
business benefits include;<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ Highly
accessible.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ Increased
customer loyalty.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ Improved
information content.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ Increased
convenience.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~ Increased
global reach.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: lime;">~ Decreased
cost.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>>> E-
business challenges include;<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">= Protecting
consumers.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">= Leveraging
existing systems.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">= Increased
liability.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">= Providing
security.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: orange;">= Adhering
to taxation rules.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>>> There
are numerous advantages and limitations in e business revenue models including;<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~> Transaction
fees.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~> License
fees.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~> Subscription
fees.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~> Value-added
fees.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">~> Advertising
fees.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><i>MASHUPS</i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>>> Web
mash up – A Web site or Web application that uses content from more than one
source to create a completely new services:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">=> Application
programming interface (API) – A set of routines, protocols, and tools for
building software applications.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">=> Mash
up editor – WSYIWYGs (What You See Is What You Get) for mash ups .<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-10840523680188125072013-09-24T01:11:00.001+08:002013-09-24T01:15:50.317+08:00CHAPTER 12 : INTEGRATING THE ORGANIZATION FROM END TO END- ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std';"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std';"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Hobo Std";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">ENTERPRISE</span>
<span style="color: magenta;">RESOURCE</span> <span style="color: orange;">PLANNING (ERP)</span></span><br /><br />
<!--[endif]--></span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Hobo Std";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It serves as
the organization’s backbone in providing fundamental decision making
support.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It enables
people in different business areas to communicate. <o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ERP system
helps an organization to obtain operational efficiencies, lower costs,
improve supplier and customer relations, and increase revenues and market
share.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The heart of an
ERP system is a central database that collects information from and feeds information
into all the ERP system’s individual application components (called
modules), supporting diverse business function such as accounting,
manufacturing, marketing, and human resources. <o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> ERP
automates business processes such as order fulfillment- taking an order
from a customer, shipping the purchase, and then billing for it. </span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std';"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">BRINGING</span>
<span style="color: cyan;">THE ORGANIZATION</span> <span style="color: yellow;">TOGETHER</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> ERP
enables employees across the organization to share information across a
single, centralized database.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With extended
portal capabilities, an organization can also involve its suppliers and
customers to participate in the workflow process, allowing ERP to
penetrate the entire value chain, and help the organization achieve
greater operational efficiency.</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std';"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">THE</span>
<span style="color: #ffe599;">EVOLUTION</span> <span style="color: #9fc5e8;">OF ERP</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">~>Although
ERP solutions were developed to deliver automation across multiple units of an
organization, to help facilitate the manufacturing process and address issues
such as raw materials, inventory, order entry, and distribution, ERP was unable
to extend to other functional areas of the company such as sales, marketing,
and shipping. It could not tie to any CRM capabilities that would allow
organizations to capture customer-specific information, nor did it work with
websites or portals used for customer service or order fulfillment.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std';"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;">INTEGRATING</span>
<span style="color: magenta;">SCM, CRM,</span> <span style="color: red;">AND ERP</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">~>Integration
of SCM, CRM, and ERP is the key to success for many companies. Integration
allows the unlocking of information to make it available to any user, anywhere,
anytime. Two main competitors in ERP market: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.
Oracle. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.
Sap.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std';"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: yellow;">PRIMARY
USERS AND</span><span style="color: cyan;"> BUSINESS BENEFITS OF </span><span style="color: lime;">STRATEGIC INITIATIVES</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><span style="color: magenta;">Integration
Tools:</span></u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An integrated
enterprise infuses support areas, such as finance and human resources,
with a strong customer orientation. <o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Integration are
achieved using: <o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">~ <i>Middleware </i>-
several different types of software that sit in the middle of and provide
connectivity between two or more software applications. It translates
information between disparate systems.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">~<i> Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) middleware </i>- represents a new approach to
middleware by packaging together commonly used functionality, such as providing
prebuilt links to popular enterprise applications, which reduces the time
necessary to develop solutions that integrate applications from multiple
vendors.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std';"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: cyan;">INTEGRATION
BETWEEN </span><span style="color: magenta;">SCM, CRM, AND ERP </span><span style="color: yellow;">APPLICATIONS</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Companies run
on independent applications, such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. If one application
performs poorly, the entire customer value delivery system is affected.</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div>
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Hobo Std';"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">ENTERPRISE
RESOURCE</span><span style="color: orange;"> PLANNING’S </span><span style="color: lime;">EXPLOSIVE GROWTH</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">~>Reasons
of ERP being proven to be such a powerful force:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ERP is a
logical solution to the mess of incompatible applications that had sprung
up in most businesses. <o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ERP addresses
the need for global information sharing and reporting.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">ERP is used to avoid
the pain and expense of fixing legacy systems.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">~>To
qualify as a true ERP solution, the system not only must integrate various
organization processes, but also must be:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Flexible-
an ERP system should be flexible in order to respond to the changing needs
of an enterprise. <o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Modular and
open- an ERP system has to have open system architecture, meaning that any
module can be interfaced with or detached whenever required without
affecting the other modules. The system should support multiple hardware
platforms for organizations that have a heterogeneous collection of
systems. It must also support third- party add-on components. <o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Comprehensive-
an ERP system should be able to support a variety of organizational
functions and must be suitable for a wide range of business
organizations. <o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ea9999;"> Beyond the
company- an ERP system must not be confined to organizational boundaries
but rather support online connectivity to business partners or customers.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">~>Everyone
involved in sourcing, producing, delivering the company’s product works with
the same information, which eliminates redundancies, cuts wasted time, and
removes misinformation.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-53938643792459325612013-09-24T00:23:00.005+08:002013-09-24T00:23:58.831+08:00CHAPTER 11: BUILDING A CUSTOMER - CENTRIC ORGANIZATION - CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></u></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM)</span></span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">---><b style="font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline;"> CRM</b></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"> is
a business philosophy based on the premise that those organizations that
understand the needs of individual customers are best positioned to achieve
sustainable competitive advantage in the future.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">---> A customer strategy starts with understanding who the
company's customers are and how the company can meet strategic goals.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">---> As the business world increasingly shifts from product focus
to customer focus, most organizations recognize the treating existing customers
well is the best source of profitable and sustainable revenue growth in the age
of e-business, however, an organization is challenged more than ever before to
truly satisfy its customers.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', sans-serif;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">RECENTLY,
FREQUENCY, AND MONETARY VALUE</span></span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">=> An organization can find its most valuable customers by
using a formula that industry insiders call RFM-recency, frequency, and
monetary value. In other words, an organization must track:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">~ How recently a customer purchased items </span><b><span style="color: #f6b26b;">(recently).</span></b></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">~ How frequently a customer purchases an item </span><b><span style="color: #f6b26b;">(frequently).</span></b></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">~ </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow;">How much a
customer spends on each purchase </span><b><span style="color: #f6b26b;">(monetary value).</span></b></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', sans-serif;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: large;">THE
EVOLUTION OF CRM</span></span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">=> Knowing the customer, especially knowing the profitability
of individual customers, is highly lucrative in the financial service industry.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">=> There are three phases in the evolution of CRM:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.</span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">CRM Reporting</span></span></u></i></b><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"> technology
help organizations identify their customers across other applicants.</span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.</span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">CRM Analysis</span></span></u></i></b><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"> technology
helps organizations segment their customers into categories such as best and
worst customers.</span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.</span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><b><i><u><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">CRM Predicts</span></span></u></i></b><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"> technological
help organizations make predictions regarding customer behavior such as which
customers are at risk of leaving.</span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', sans-serif;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">THE
UGLY SIDE OF CRM: WHY CRM MATTERS MORE NOW THAN EVER BEFORE</span></span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: red;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">Now companies have no choice as the power of the customer
grows exponentially as the internet grows. In every case, customers have become
an integral part of the action as a member of the aggregated, interactive,
self-organizing, auto-entertaining audience on businesses. However, this should
no be a surprise, since it was the customers crazy passion and hobbies and
obsessions-that build up the web in the first place.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', sans-serif;"><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT'S EXPLOSIVE GROWTH</span></span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">When customers buy on Internet, they see, and they steer,
entire value chains.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">=> Customer web interaction become conversations, interactive
dialogs with shared knowledge, not just business transaction. Web- based
customer care can actually become the focal point of customer relationship
management and provide breakthrough benefits for both the enterprise and its
customers, substantially reducing costs while improving service.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">=> Current users allow allocating 20 percent of their IT
budget to CRM solutions.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', sans-serif;"><span style="color: cyan; font-size: large;">USING
ANALYTICAL CRM TO ENHANCE DECISIONS</span></span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">The two components of a CRM strategy are:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: lime;">=> </span><b><i><u><span style="color: #a2c4c9;">Operational CRM</span></u></i></b><span style="color: lime;"> supports
traditional transactional processing for day-to-day front-office operations or
systems that deal directly with the customers.</span></span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: lime;">=> </span><b><i><u><span style="color: #a2c4c9;">Analytical CRM</span></u></i></b><span style="color: lime;"> supports
back-office operations and strategic analysis and includes all systems that do
not deal directly with the customers.</span></span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">The primary difference between operational CRM and
analytical CRM in the direct interaction between the organization and its
customers.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">~></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Personalization</span></span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"> occurs when a website can know enough about a person's
likes and dislikes that it can fashion offers that are more likely to appeal to
that person. Many organizations are now utilizing CRM to create customer rules
and templates that marketers can use to personalize customer messages.</span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Copperplate Gothic Bold', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #e06666; font-size: large;">CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SUCCESS FACTOR</span></span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">~> CRM solutions make organizational business processes more intelligent.
This is achieved by understanding customer behavior and preferences, then
realigning product and service offering and related communications to make sure
they are synchronized with customer needs and preferences. If an organization
is implementing a CRM system, it should study the industry best practices to
help ensure a successful implementation.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #b4a7d6;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">~> Using he analytical capabilities of CRM can help a company
Anticipate customer need and proactively serve customers in way that build
relationship, create loyalty, and enhance bottom lines.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-9585520403744021482013-09-23T18:28:00.003+08:002013-09-23T18:30:17.256+08:00CHAPTER 10 : EXTENDING THE ORGANIZATION - SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><span style="color: red;">BASICS
OF SUPPLY CHAIN</span></span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">></span><b> <span style="color: cyan;">SCM</span></b><span style="color: #b4a7d6;"> </span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">~ the management
of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize
total supply chain effectiveness and profitability.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">>
The supply chain has three main links:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Materials
flows from suppliers and their upstream suppliers at all levels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Transformation
of materials into semi-finished products, or the organization’s own production
processes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Distribution
of products to customers and their downstream customers at all levels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";">INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY’S ROLE IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #b4a7d6;"> Information
technology’s primary role in </span><span style="color: cyan;">SCM </span><span style="color: #b4a7d6;">is creating the integrations or tight process
and information linkages between functions within a firm such as marketing,
sales, finance, manufacturing, and distribution – and between firms, which
allow the smooth, synchronized flow of both information and product between
customers, suppliers and transportation providers across the supply chain.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><span style="color: yellow;">VISIBILITY</span></span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 38.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">~<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Supply
Chain Visibility is the ability to view all areas up and down the supply chain.
Changing supply chains requires a comprehensive strategy buoyed by information
technology. Organizations can use technology tools that help them integrate
upstream and downstream, with both customers and suppliers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 38.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">~<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
bullwhip effect occurs when distorted product demand information passes from
one entity to the next throughout the supply chain.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><span style="color: lime;">CUSTOMER
BEHAVIOR</span></span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="color: #a2c4c9;"> </span><span style="color: #93c47d;"> > The behavior of customers has changed the way
businesses complete. Customers will leave if a company does not continually
meet their expectations. They are more demanding because they have information
readily available, they know exactly what they want, and they know when and how
they want it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: black; color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> > Demand planning software generates demand
forecasts using statistical tools and forecasting techniques. Companies can
respond faster and more effectively to consumer demands through supply chain
enhancements such as demand planning software.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #93c47d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> > Once an organization understands customer demand
and its effect on the supply chain it can begin to estimate the impact that its
supply chain will have on its customers and ultimately the organization’s
performance.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";">COMPETITION</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="color: #ffd966;"> Ø</span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Supply Chain Planning (SCP)</span><span style="color: #ffd966;"> software uses
advanced mathematical algorithms to improve the flow and efficiency of the
supply chain while reducing inventory. </span><span style="color: orange;">SCP </span><span style="color: #ffd966;">depends entirely on information for
its accuracy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #ffd966;"> Ø</span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Supply Chain Execution (SCE)</span></span><span style="color: #ffd966; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> software automates
the different steps and stages of the supply chain. This could be as simple as
electronically routing orders from a manufacturer to a supplier.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;">SPEED</span></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="color: #f6b26b;"> *<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->These systems raise the accuracy, frequency and
speed of communication between suppliers and customers, as well as between
internal users.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> *<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Another aspect of speed is the company’s ability
to satisfy continually changing customer requirements efficiently, accurately
and quickly.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><span style="color: red;">SUPPLY
CHAIN MANAGEMENT SUCCESS FACTORS</span></span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="color: #ea9999;"> §<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->To succeed in today’s competitive markets,
companies must align their supply chain with the demands of the markets they
serve.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> §<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Supply chain performance is now a distinct
competitive advantage for companies proficient in the SCM area.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><span style="color: orange;">MAKE
THE SALE TO SUPPLIERS</span></span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
hardest part of any SCM system is its complexity because a large part of the
system extends beyond the company’s walls. Not only will the people in the
organization need to change the way they work, but also the people from each
supplier that is added to the network must change. Be sure suppliers are on
board with the benefits that the SCM system will provide.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";">WE
AN EMPLOYEES OFF TRADITIONAL BUSINESS PRACTICES</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Operations
people typically deal with phone calls, faxes and orders scrawled on paper and
will most likely want to keep it that way. Unfortunately, an organization
cannot disconnect the telephones and fax machines just because it is
implementing a supply chain management system. If the organization cannot
convince people that using the software will be worth their time, they will
easily find ways to work around it, which will quickly decrease the changes of
success for the SCM system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";">ENSURE
THE SCM SYSTEM SUPPORTS THE ORGANIZATION GOALS</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It
is important to select SCM software that gives organizations an advantage in
the areas most crucial to their business success. If the organizational goals
support highly efficient strategies, be sure the supply chain design has the
same goals.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><span style="color: cyan;">DEPLOY
IN INCREMENTAL PHASE AND MEASURE AND COMMUNICATE SUCCESS</span></span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">Design
the development of the SCM system in incremental phases. For instance, instead
of installing a complete supply chain management system across the company and
all suppliers at once, start by getting it working with a few key suppliers,
and then move on to the other suppliers. Along the way, make sure each step is
adding value through improvements in the supply chain’s performance. While a
big-picture perspective is vital to SCM success, the incremental approach means
the SCM system should be implemented in digestible bites and also measured for
success one step at a time.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><span style="color: magenta;">BE
FUTURE ORIENTED</span></span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
supply chain design must anticipate the future state of the business. Because
the SCM system likely will last for many more years than originally planned,
managers need to explore how flexible the systems will be when (not if) changes
are required in the future. The key is to be certain that the software will
meet future needs, not only current needs. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-80913685232568395212013-09-23T03:29:00.004+08:002013-09-23T17:57:51.836+08:00CHAPTER 9: ENABLING THE ORGANIZATIONS - DECISION MAKING <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION</span></span></u><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15pt;">Employees must be able to obtain and analyze to many different
levels, formats and </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">granularity</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15pt;"> of organizational information to make
decision.</span></span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Successfully collecting, compiling, sorting and analyzing
information can provide tremendous insight into how an organization is
performing.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: "Impact","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">THE VALUE OF TIMELY INFORMATION</span></u><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Timeliness is an aspect of information that depends on the
situation:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">- </span><span style="color: orange;"> <b>Real-time
information </b></span><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">– immediate up-to-date information.</span></span><span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">- </span><span style="color: orange;"> </span><b><span style="color: orange;">Real-time
system</span><span style="color: #f9cb9c;"> </span></b><span style="color: #f9cb9c;">– provides real-time information in response to query requests.</span></span><span style="color: #f9cb9c; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: "Impact","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">THE VALUE OF QUALITY INFORMATION</span></u><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Business decisions are only as good as the quality of the
information used to make the decisions.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">You never want to find yourself using technology to help you
make a bad decision faster.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Characteristic of high-quality information include:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Accuracy</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Completeness</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Consistency</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Uniqueness</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Timeliness</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">UNDERSTANDING THE COST OF POOR INFORMATION</span></u><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The four primary sources of low quality information include:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">I. Online
customers intentionally enter inaccurate information to protect their privacy.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">II. Information
from different systems have different entry standards and formats.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">III. Call
center operators enter abbreviated or erroneous by accident or to save time.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">IV. Third
party and external information contains inconsistencies, inaccuracies and
errors.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Potential business effects resulting from low quality
information include:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Inability
to accurately track customers.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Difficulty
identifying valuable customers.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Inability
to identify selling opportunities.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Marketing
to nonexistent customers.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Difficulty
tracking revenue due to inaccurate invoices.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Inability
to build strong customer relationship.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt;">ü</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Understanding the benefits of good information:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">High quality information can significantly improve the
chances of making a good decision.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.5pt;">s</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Good decision can directly impact an organization’s bottom
line.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Tekton Pro Ext', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: lime;">DECISION MAKING</span></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Tekton Pro Ext', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">> Reasons for the growth of decision making
information systems:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- People need to analyze large amounts of
information.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- People must take decision quickly.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- People must apply sophisticated analysis
techniques, such as modeling and foresting, to make good decisions.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- People must protect the corporate asset of
organizational information.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Tekton Pro Ext', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: lime;">MODEL</span></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Tekton Pro Ext', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">> A simplified representation or abstraction
of reality.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;"><b><u><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Tekton Pro Ext', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS IN AN ENTERPRISE</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Tekton Pro Ext', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">> EXECUTIVES - EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM
(EIS).</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">> MANAGERS - DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS).</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">> ANALYSIS – TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
(TPS).</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS</span></span></u></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">></span><span style="color: lime;"> </span><b><span style="color: lime;">Executive information system
(EIS)</span><span style="color: #b6d7a8;"> </span></b><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">– a specialized DSS that supports senior level executives within
the organization.</span></span><span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #b6d7a8;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">> Most <b>EIS</b>
offering the following capabilities:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">1.</span><span style="color: lime;"> <b>Consolidation</b></span><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">– involves the
aggregation of intelligent system that mimics the evolutionary,
survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a
problem.</span></span><span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">2.</span><span style="color: lime;"> </span><b><span style="color: lime;">Drill-down</span><span style="color: #b6d7a8;"> </span></b><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">– enables, users to
get details and details of details, of information.</span></span><span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">3.</span><span style="color: lime;"> </span><b><span style="color: lime;">Slice-and-dice</span><span style="color: #b6d7a8;"> </span></b><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">– looks at
information from different perspectives.</span></span><span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS</span></span></u></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">></span><span style="color: red;"> <b>Decision support systems (DSS) </b></span><span style="color: #ea9999;">–
models information to support managers and business professionals during the
decision-making process.</span></span><span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">> Three quantitative models used by <b>DSS</b> include:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">1. </span><b><span style="color: red;">Sensitively analysis</span><span style="color: #ea9999;"> </span></b><span style="color: #ea9999;">– the
study of the impact that changes in one (or more) parts of the model have on
other parts of the model.</span></span><span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">2. </span><b><span style="color: red;">What-if analysis</span><span style="color: #ea9999;"> </span></b><span style="color: #ea9999;">– checks
the impact of a change in an assumption on the proposed solution.</span></span><span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #ea9999;">3.</span><span style="color: red;"> </span><b><span style="color: red;">Goal-seeking analysis</span><span style="color: #ea9999;"> </span></b><span style="color: #ea9999;">–
finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Impact","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS</span></span></u></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ffe599;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Moving
up through the organizational pyramid users move from requiring transactional
information to analytical information:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #ffe599;">~ </span><b><span style="color: yellow;">Transaction Processing System </span></b><span style="color: #ffe599;">–
the basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) in an
organization.</span></span><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #ffe599;">~</span><span style="color: yellow;"> <b>Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) </b></span><span style="color: #ffe599;">–
the capturing of transaction and event information using technology to (1)
process the information according to defined business rules, (2) store the
information, (3) update existing information to reflect the new information.</span></span><span style="color: #ffe599; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #ffe599;">~ </span><b><span style="color: yellow;">Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) </span></b><span style="color: #ffe599;">–
the manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of
strategic decision making.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Impact","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE</span></span></u></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">></span><span style="color: magenta;"> </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">INTELLIGENT SYSTEM</span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"> </span></b><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">– Various
commercial applications of artificial intelligence.</span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">> </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)</span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"> </span></b><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">–
Simulates human intelligence such as the ability to reason and learn.</span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #d5a6bd;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">~ Advantages: can check info on competitor.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">~ The ultimate goal of </span><span style="color: magenta;"><b>AI</b> </span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">is the ability to build a system that can mimic human
intelligence</span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">~ Four most common categories of </span><span style="color: magenta;"><b>AI</b> </span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">include:</span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">1. </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">Expert System</span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"> </span></b><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">–
computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of expert
in solving difficult problems.</span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">2.</span><span style="color: magenta;"> </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">Neural Network</span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"> </span></b><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">– attempts
to emulate the way the human brain works</span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">-</span><i><span style="color: magenta;">fuzzy logic</span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"> –</span></i><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"> a mathematical method of handling
imprecise or subjective information.</span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">3. </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">Genetic Algorithm</span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"> </span></b><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">– an </span><span style="color: magenta;">AI
</span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-if-the-fittest process to
generate increasingly better solutions to a problem.</span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">4.</span><span style="color: magenta;"> </span><b><span style="color: magenta;">Intelligent Agent</span><span style="color: #d5a6bd;"> </span></b><span style="color: #d5a6bd;">–
special-purposed-knowledge-based information system that accomplishes specific
tasks on behalf of its users.</span></span><span style="color: #d5a6bd; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Arial Rounded MT Bold', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">DATA-MINING</span></span></u></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">> Data-mining software includes many forms
of AI such as neural networks and expert system.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">> Common forms of data-mining analysis
capabilities include:</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">1. Cluster Analysis.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">2. Association Detection.</span><span style="font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">3. Statistical Analysis.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Impact","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Tekton Pro Ext', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: red;">CLUSTER ANALYSIS</span></span></u></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">></span><span style="color: lime;"> CLUSTER ANALYSIS</span><span style="color: #b6d7a8;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">– To divide an information set into mutually exclusive groups
such that the members of each group are as possible to one another and the
different groups are as far apart as possible.</span><span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">> </span><span style="color: lime;">CRM</span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: lime;"> </span><span style="color: #b6d7a8;">systems
depend on cluster analysis to segment customer information and identify
behavioral traits.</span></span><span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Tekton Pro Ext', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: red;">ASSOCIATION DETECTION</span></span></u></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">></span><span style="color: cyan;"> Association detection</span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">reveals the degree to which variables are related and the
nature and frequency of these relationships in the information.</span><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">> </span><span style="color: cyan;">Market basket analysis</span><span style="color: #9fc5e8;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">such items as Web sites and checkout scanner information to
detect customers’ buying behavior and predict future behavior by identifying
affinities among customers’ choices of products and services.</span><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2318392405098925757" name="_GoBack"></a><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Tekton Pro Ext', sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS</span></u></b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Tekton Pro Ext","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">> </span><span style="color: magenta;">STATISTICAL ANALYSIS</span><span style="color: #f6b26b;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">performs such functions as information correlations,
distributions, calculations and variance analysis.</span><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">></span><span style="color: magenta;"> Forecast</span></span></b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">–
predictions made on the basis of time-series information.</span><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="color: #f6b26b;">> </span><span style="color: magenta;">Time-Series Information</span><span style="color: #f6b26b;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">– time-stamped information collected at a particular
frequency.</span><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-family: Impact, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-46008392132273914772013-07-22T16:01:00.001+08:002013-07-22T16:07:17.059+08:00CHAPTER 7: STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><i>ReLaTiOnAL DaTaBaSe FuNdAmEnTaLs:-</i></u></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><i><br /></i></u></span></span>
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #ffd966;">Information is everywhere in an
organization.</span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="color: #ffd966; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">Information is stored in databases.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Database</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: cyan;">–</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: yellow;">
maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events
(transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses).</span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #ffd966;">Database models include:</span><span style="color: yellow;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Hierarchical
database model</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: cyan;">–</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: yellow;"> information is organized into a tree-like structure (using parent/child
relationships) in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships. </span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Network
database model</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: cyan;">–</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: yellow;"> a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. </span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Relational
database model</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: cyan;">
–</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: yellow;"> stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><i>EnTiTiEs
aNd AttRiBuTeS:- </i></u></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: lime;">Entity</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: cyan;">–</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: cyan;"> </span><span style="color: magenta;">a person, place, thing, transaction,
or event about which information is stored. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">The
rows in each table contain the entities. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> §</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">In
Figure 7.1 CUSTOMER includes Dave’s Sub Shop and Pizza Palace entities. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: lime;">Attributes
(fields, columns)</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: cyan;">–</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: magenta;">
characteristics or properties of an entity class. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">The
columns in each table contain the attributes. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> §</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">In
Figure 7.1 attributes for CUSTOMER include Customer ID, Customer Name, Contact
Name.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>KeYs
aNd ReLaTiOnShiPs:- </u></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: orange;">Primary keys and foreign keys identify
the various entity classes (tables) in the database. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Primary
key</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: cyan;">– </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: #e06666;">a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a
table. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Foreign
key</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: cyan;">–</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: #e06666;"> a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and
acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: orange;">Potential relational database for
Coca-Cola:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_pVpC8xGQnU/UevBB7Glc5I/AAAAAAAAAS0/SjQtd7rgdTM/s1600/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_pVpC8xGQnU/UevBB7Glc5I/AAAAAAAAAS0/SjQtd7rgdTM/s640/Picture2.png" width="444" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: orange;">Walk
your students through the relational database model in Figure 7.1</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: orange;">To
ensure your students are grasping the concepts, ask them to answer the
following:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">How
many orders have been placed for T’s Fun Zone?
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Answer</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">: 1 Order IT 34563.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">How
many orders have been placed for Pizza Palace?
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Answer</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">:
None.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">How
many items are included in Dave’s Sub Shop’s two orders? </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Answer</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">:
Order 34561 has 3 items and order 34562 has one item for a total of 4
items in both orders.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">Who
is responsible for distributing Dave’s Sub Shop’s orders? </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Answer</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">:
Hawkins Shipping.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">Which
products are included in Order 34562? </span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Answer</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">:
300 Vanilla Coke. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>ReLaTiOnAL DaTaBaSe AdVaNtaGeS:- </u></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: red;">Database advantages from a business
perspective include: </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> §</span><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">Increased
flexibility. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> §</span><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">Increased
scalability and performance. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> §</span><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">Reduced
information redundancy. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> §</span><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">Increased
information integrity (quality). </span></div>
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<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> §</span><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">Increased
information security. </span></div>
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<u style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Verdana; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<u style="font-family: Verdana; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;">InCrEaSeD FLeXiBiLiTy:- </span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: red;">A well-designed database should: </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">Handle
changes quickly and easily. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> §</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">Provide
users with different views. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> §</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">Have
only one physical view. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d528d; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> •</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">Physical
view</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: cyan;">–</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: orange;">deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">Have
multiple logical views. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d528d; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> •</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">Logical
view</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: cyan;">–</span></span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.25in;">focuses
on how users logically access information. </span></span></div>
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<u style="font-family: Verdana; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: lime;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><u>InCreAsEd
ScALaBiLiTy aNd PeRfOrMaNcE:- </u></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: yellow;">A database must scale to meet increased
demand, while maintaining acceptable
performance levels. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Scalability</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: cyan;"> –
refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Performance</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: cyan;"> –
measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>ReDuCed
InFoRmAtiOn ReDuNdAnCy:- </u></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: magenta;">Databases reduce information redundancy. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Redundancy</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"> –</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;">the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple
places. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: magenta;">Inconsistency is one of the primary
problems with redundant information.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>InCrEaSe
InFoRmAtiOn InTeGriTy (QuAliTy):- </u></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Information
integrity</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> –</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: magenta;"> measures the quality of information. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Integrity
constraint</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> –</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: magenta;"> rules that help ensure the quality of
information. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Relational integrity constraint -</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: cyan;">rule
that enforces basic and fundamental information-based constraints.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Business-critical integrity
constraint -</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%;"><span style="color: cyan;"> rule that enforce business rules vital to an organization’s success and often
require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>InCreAsEd
InFoRmAtiOn SeCuRiTy:- </u></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: red;">Information is an organizational asset
and must be protected.</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: red;">Databases offer several security features
including: </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Password</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"> –</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: orange;">
provides authentication of the user. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Access</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">level</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"> –
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: orange;">determines who has access to the different types of information. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">Access</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.31in;">control</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"> –</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: orange;">
determines types of user access, such as read-only access.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>Database
Management Systems:- </u></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: orange;">Database
management systems (DBMS) –</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: lime;">software
through which users and application programs interact with a database.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: magenta;">Direct interaction :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">>The user interacts directly with the DBMS.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">>The DBMS obtains the information from the
database.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: magenta;">Indirect interaction:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">>User interacts with an application (i.e.,
payroll application, manufacturing application, sales application).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">>The application interacts with the DBMS.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">>The DBMS obtains the information from the
database.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>DaTa-DrIvEn WeB SiTeS:-</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">>A </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: orange;">data-driven
Web site is an interactive Web Site</span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the
use of a database. Data-driven Web sites are especially useful when the site
offers a great deal of information, products, or services. Web site visitors
are frequently angered if they are buried under an avalanche of information
when searching a Web site. A data-driven Web site invites visitors to select
and view what they are interested in by inserting a query, which the Web site
then analyzes and custom builds a Web page in real-time that satisfies the
query. The figure displays a Wikipedia user querying business intelligence and
the database sending back the appropriate Web page that satisfies the user’s
request.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: orange;">>What would happen to a Web site that is not data-driven? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> <span style="color: #6fa8dc;"> Answer:The users would need to continually
update the Web site data manually as the business data is updated.</span></span><span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">This would be a redundant effort and most
likely result in errors and the Web site could quickly become out of sync with
the business data.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><i>DaTa
DriVeN WeB SiTe AdVaNtaGeS:-</i></u></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: lime;"><i>1. Development:</i></span>
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ffd966;">Allows the Web site owner to make changes
any time—all without having to rely on a developer or knowing HTML programming.
A well-structured, data-driven Web site enables updating with little or no
training.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: lime;"><i>2. Content
management:</i></span><span style="color: #ffd966;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">A static Web site requires a programmer
to make updates. This adds an unnecessary layer between the business and its
Web content, which can lead to misunderstandings and slow turnarounds for
desired changes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: lime;"><i>3. Future
expandability:</i></span><span style="color: #6fa8dc;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">Having
a data-driven Web site enables the site to grow faster than would be possible
with a static site. Changing the layout,
displays, and functionality of the site (adding more features and sections) is
easier with a data-driven solution.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: lime;"><i>4. Minimizing
human error:</i></span><span style="color: #e06666;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Even the most competent programmer
charged with the task of maintaining many pages will overlook things and make
mistakes. This will lead to bugs and inconsistencies that can be time consuming
and expensive to track down and fix. Unfortunately, users who come across these
bugs will likely become irritated and may leave the site. A well-designed,
data-driven Web site will have ”error trapping” mechanisms to ensure that
required information is filled out correctly and that content is entered and
displayed in its correct format.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: lime;"><i>5.Cutting
production and update costs:</i></span> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ffd966;">A
data-driven Web site can be updated and ”published” by any competent data entry
or administrative person. In addition to being convenient and more affordable,
changes and updates will take a fraction of the time that they would with a
static site. While training a competent programmer can take months or even
years, training a data entry person can be done in 30 to 60 minutes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: lime;"><i>6.More
efficient:</i></span> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">By their very nature, computers are
excellent at keeping volumes of information intact. With a data-driven
solution, the system keeps track of the templates, so users do not have to.
Global changes to layout, navigation, or site structure would need to be
programmed only once, in one place, and the site itself will take care of
propagating those changes to the appropriate pages and areas. A data-driven
infrastructure will improve the reliability and stability of a Web site, while
greatly reducing the chance of ”breaking” some part of the site when adding new
areas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: lime;">7. Improved
Stability</span>: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Any programmer who has to update a Web
site from ”static” templates must be very organized to keep track of all the
source files. If a programmer leaves unexpectedly, it could involve re-creating
existing work if those source files cannot be found. Plus, if there were any
changes to the templates, the new programmer must be careful to use only the
latest version. With a data-driven Web site, there is peace of mind, knowing
the content is never lost—even if your programmer is.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><i><span style="font-weight: bold;"><u><br /></u></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><u>DaTa-DriVeN BuSinEsS InTelliGeNcE:-</u></span></i></span><br />
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings;">v</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">Business Intelligence in a data-driven Web site:</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q5snKrRunhc/Uev6Zf-PXsI/AAAAAAAAATk/KgsuAEemU18/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q5snKrRunhc/Uev6Zf-PXsI/AAAAAAAAATk/KgsuAEemU18/s400/Picture5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">>Companies
can gain business intelligence by viewing the data accessed and analyzed from
their Web site. The figure displays how
running queries or using analytical tools, such as a Pivot Table, on the
database that is attached to the Web site can offer insight into the business,
such as items browsed, frequent requests, items bought together, etc.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 24pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><u><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">InTeGraTiNg
InFoRmAtiOn <br />AmOnG MuLtiPlE DaTabAsEs:- </span></u></span><br />
<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #5ad9f2; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">v</span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Integration</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> –</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: orange;">allows separate systems to communicate
directly with each other. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Forward integration</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> –</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: red;">takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all
<u>downstream</u> systems and processes. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #2f85f7; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">§</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Backward integration</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> –</span></span><span style="color: #1d528d; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: red;">takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all
<u>upstream</u> systems and processes.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oigTPqeVH8k/Uev9Z-Khh6I/AAAAAAAAAT0/mC5odyptGso/s1600/Picture6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oigTPqeVH8k/Uev9Z-Khh6I/AAAAAAAAAT0/mC5odyptGso/s400/Picture6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 24pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><u><i>Forward Integration:</i></u></b></span><br />
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">>Basically,
all information flows forward along the business process. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Sales
enters the information when it is negotiating the sale (looking for
opportunities). </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The
information is then passed to the order entry system when the order is actually
placed. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The
order fulfillment system picks the products from the warehouse, packs the
products, labels boxes, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">etc. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Once
the order is filled and shipped, the customer is billed.</span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: lime;">What
would happen if users could enter order information directly into the billing
system?</span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The
systems would quickly become out-of-sync.
There might be bills for nonexistent orders, or orders that do not have
any bills (if someone deleted a bill). </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">For
this reason organizations typically place a business-critical integrity
constraint on integrated systems:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">With a
forward integration the information must be entered in the sales system, you
could not enter information directly into the billing system.</span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">>Integrations
are expensive to build and maintain and</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> difficult to implement. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">For
these reasons many organizations only build forward integrations and use
business-critical integrity constraints to ensure all information is always
entered only at the start of the integration (one source of record).</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<b style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-large;"><u><i>Backward Integration:</i></u></b><br />
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">>Basically,
all information flows backward along the business process. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Billing
enters information and this information is passed back to the order system. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The
order fulfillment system passes the information back to the order entry system. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The
order entry system passes the information back to the sales system.</span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">Why
would an organization want to build both forward and backward integrations?</span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">This
allows users to enter information at any point in the business process and the
information is automatically sent upstream and downstream to all other systems. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">For
example, if order fulfillment determined that they could not fulfill an order
(the product had been discontinued), they could simply enter this information
into the database and it would be sent automatically upstream to the sales
representative who could contact the customer and downstream to billing to
remove the item from the bill.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><i><u>Building a central repository
specifically for integrated information:-</u></i></span></div>
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Cvtks3KZN-I/UewDZ33zhnI/AAAAAAAAAUI/RMYr8Q5ysow/s1600/Picture7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="221" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Cvtks3KZN-I/UewDZ33zhnI/AAAAAAAAAUI/RMYr8Q5ysow/s400/Picture7.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #1d528d; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span>
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">The
above figure displays an example of customer information integrated using this
method. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Users
can create, read, update, and delete in the main customer repository, and it is
automatically sent to all of the other databases. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">This
method does not follow the business process when building the integrations. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Business-critical
integrity constraints still need to be built to ensure information is only ever
entered into the customer repository, otherwise the information will become
out-of-sync.</span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 4.32pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-68670502650317686752013-07-16T07:23:00.005+08:002013-07-20T18:30:23.786+08:00CHAPTER 6: VALUING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION.<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: cyan; font-size: x-large;"><u>OrGaNiZaTiONaL InFoRmATiOn:-</u></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Information is everywhere in an organization.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Employees must be able to obtain and analyze the many
different levels, formats and granularity of organizational
information to make decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Successfully collecting, compiling, sorting and analyzing
information can provide tremendous insight into how an organization is
performing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: orange;">Levels, formats and granularity of organizational
information.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<img height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPZoxxE3VLdG9cLDpPPoUeCVTyoJ8vgFjBJ98j0OemV3gJt1BbbG9XssHATJjnEUqsyHlCeQIvDF6Dd7YLddj_rWm0ohL5D-QysPdB6A9BE5IYuXJ_xZd46c0nc97NpTexJi74v4ZKV1df/s400/url.png" width="400" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><u>ThE VaLuE Of TrAnSnAtIoNaL AnD
AnALyTiCaLLy InFoRmATiOn:- </u></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: yellow;">Transaction information verses
analytically information.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0TleQjHA9enFZxgLGzKdfCndDM8AHCARblG6v0klRZySN7v3Bmu_yPchQfZSep7m1RFMpiAqWWMSckGdPcb_ik5yYul42ep4NOpBWtRRNepGohJROTWognMHmbhvBL3iWJ-g9KcdPehC/s1600/transactional+vs+analytical.png" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;"><u>ThE VaLuE oF TiMeLy InFoRMaTiOn:-</u></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timeliness is an aspect of information that depends on the
situation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Real-time information – immediate, up-to-date information.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: yellow;">Real-time system – provides real-time information in
response to query requests.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><u>ThE VaLuE oF QuALiTy InFoRMaTiOn:-</u></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: magenta;"> ></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: magenta;">Business decisions are only as good as the quality of the
information used to make the decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> > </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You never want to find yourself using technology to help you
make a bad decision faster.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> > </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: magenta;">Characteristics of high-quality information include;</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<img height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgocuUj4TxscnF5ZRjwddpZXraSvc2dzohsOEtgTtH7ZzRkpV0w1dMi5LcgAnwDZilZR0h4JkijwipEG1-D6v3Hf2_rhKKX0u_VYS32zW8rKgb9NWyZyYFr727Hi_hYlFbtisQRhGSfnTua/s400/capture-20130714-064203.png" width="400" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: yellow;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: yellow;">Low quality information example;</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><img height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGJ0nndUqk5foa7hy11Awvxd4Sd4arRdoZ5FroFoZu-oYd9Z16wmzfrJcCg0yqi6ZVo2tW0_-J7UfifsgCYJAeWxN1m3U0I1KpY42VY-sDbw2uON4crf44_tqQe2V6Kxovz2euSZKEJl7r/s400/capture-20130714-082155.png" width="400" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><u><span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;">UnDeRsTaNDiNg ThE CoStS oF PoOR
InFoRMaTiOn:-</span></u><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The four primary sources of low
quality information include;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #8e7cc3;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Online customers intentionally enter inaccurate information
to protect their privacy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #8e7cc3;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Information from different systems have different entry
standards and formats.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #8e7cc3;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Call center operators enter abbreviated or erroneous
information by accident or to save time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #8e7cc3;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">Third party and external information contains
inconsistencies, inaccuracies and errors.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Potential business effects resulting
from low quality information include;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 19.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #76a5af;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inability to accurately track customers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 19.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #76a5af;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Difficulty identifying valuable customers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 19.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #76a5af;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inability to identify selling opportunities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 19.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #76a5af;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Marketing to nonexistent customers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 19.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #76a5af;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Difficulty tracking revenue due to inaccurate invoices.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 19.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #76a5af;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #76a5af;">Inability to build strong customer relationships.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;"><u>UnDeRsTaNDiNg ThE BeNeFiTs oF GoOD
InFoRMaTiOn:-</u></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: yellow;"> ></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: yellow;">High quality information can significantly improve the
chances of making a good decision.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: yellow;">Good decisions can directly impact an organization’s bottom
line.</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: yellow;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: yellow;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: yellow;"><br /></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-29764411006021768992013-07-16T07:04:00.001+08:002013-07-16T07:10:50.466+08:00CHAPTER 5: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT STRATEGIC INITIATIVES.<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><u>OrGaNiZaTiONaL STrUcTuReS:-</u></span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Organizational
employees must work closely together to develop strategic initiatives that
create competitive advantages.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ethics
and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base
their businesses upon.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><u>InFoRmATiOn TeChNoLoGy RoLeS AnD </u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><u>ReSpOnSiBiLiTiEs:-<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 37.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Information
technology is a relatively new functional area, having only been around
formally for around 40 years.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 37.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Recent IT – related
strategic positions:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chief
Information Officer (CIO)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chief
Technology Officer (CTO)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chief
Security Officer (CSO)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chief
Privacy Officer (CPO)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #ffd966;">Chief
Knowledge Officer (CKO)</span><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chief
Information Officer (CIO) – oversees all uses of IT and ensures the strategic
alignment of IT with business goals and objectives.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Broad
CIO functions include;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Manager
– ensuring the delivery of all IT projects, on time and within budget.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Leader
– ensuring the strategic vision of IT is in line with the strategic vision of
the organization.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #ffd966;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Communicator
– building and maintaining strong executive relationships.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">Average
CIO compensation by industry:</span><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Industry</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Average CIO Compensation</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Wholesale/Retail/Distribution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">$ 243,304<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Finance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">$ 210,547<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Insurance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">$ 197,697<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Manufacturing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">$ 190,250<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Medical/Dental/Health Care<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">$ 171,032<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Government<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">$ 118,359<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Education<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">$ 93,750<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">What
concerns CIOs the most:</span><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #c27ba0;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Percentages %</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #c27ba0;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">CIOs Concerns</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">94<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">Enhancing customer satisfaction<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">92<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">Security<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">89<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">Technology evaluation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">87<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">Budgeting<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">83<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">Staffing<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">66<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">ROI analysis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">64<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">Building new applications<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">45<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;">Outsourcing hosting<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chief
Technology Officer (CTO) – responsible for ensuring the throughput , speed,
accuracy, availability and reliability of IT.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chief
Security Officer (CSO) – responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chief
Privacy Officer (CPO) – responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of
information.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chief
Knowledge Officer (CKO) – responsible for collecting, maintaining and
distributing the organization’s knowledge.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;"><u>ThE GaP BeTwEeN BuSiNeSs PeRsOnNeL </u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;"><u>AnD iT PeRsOnNeL:-</u></span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #222222;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: cyan;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: cyan;">Business
personnel possess expertise in functional areas such as marketing, accounting
and sales.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">IT
personnel have the technological expertise.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">This
typically causes a communications gap between the business personnel and IT
personnel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;"><u>ImPrOvInG CoMmUnIcATiOnS:-</u></span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Business
personnel must seek to increase their understanding of IT.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">IT
personnel must seek to increase their understanding of the business.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">It is
the responsibility of the CIO to ensure effective communication between
business personnel and IT personnel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: cyan; font-size: x-large;"><u>OrGaNiZaTiOnAL FuNdAmEnTaLs – EtHiCs </u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: cyan; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: cyan; font-size: x-large;"><u>AnD SeCuRiTy:-</u></span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 37.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ethics
and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base
their businesses on to be successful.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 37.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">In
recent years, such event as the 9/11 have shed new light on the meaning of
ethics and security.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><u><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">EtHiCs:-</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></u></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Ethics
– the principles and standards that guide our behavior toward other people.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Privacy
is a major ethical issues;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Privacy
– the right to be left alone when you want to be to have control ever your own
personnel possessions and not to be observed without your consent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: orange;">Issues
affected by technology advances.</span><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Intelligent property</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 351.9pt;" valign="top" width="469"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">Intangible creative work that is embodied in physical form<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Copyright</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 351.9pt;" valign="top" width="469"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">The legal protection afforded an expression of an idea, such
as a song, video game and some types of proprietary documents<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Fair use doctrine</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 351.9pt;" valign="top" width="469"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">In certain situations, it is legal to use copyrighted material<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Pirated software</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 351.9pt;" valign="top" width="469"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">The unauthorized use, duplication, distribution or sale of
copyrighted software<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Counterfeit software</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 351.9pt;" valign="top" width="469"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">Software that is manufactured to lock like the real thing and
sold as such<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #93c47d;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">One of
the main ingredients in trust is privacy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #93c47d;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Primary reasons privacy issues lost trust for e-business.</span><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #FFF0EE; border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 455.4pt;" valign="top" width="607"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Loss of personnel privacy is a top concern for Americans in
the 21<sup>st</sup> century<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 455.4pt;" valign="top" width="607"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Among Internet users, 37 percent would be “a lot” more
inclined to purchase a product on a websites that had a privacy policy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.4pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 455.4pt;" valign="top" width="607"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Privacy/security is the number one factors that would convert
Internet researchers into Internet buyers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: cyan; font-size: x-large;"><u>SeCuRiTy – HoW MuCH WiLL DoWnTiMe </u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: cyan; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: cyan; font-size: x-large;"><u>CoSt YoUr BuSiNeSs??<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #FFF0EE; border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background: transparent; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.65in;" valign="top" width="638"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sources of Unplanned
Downtime</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bomb threat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hacker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Snowstorm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Burst pipe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sprinkler malfunction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chemical spill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hurricane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Static electricity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Construction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ice storm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strike<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Corrupted data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terrorism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Earthquake<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lightning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Theft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electrical short<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Network failure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tornado<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epidemic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plane crash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Train derailment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Equipment failure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frozen pipe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Smoke damage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evacuation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Power outage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vandalism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Explosion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Power surge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vehicle crash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fire<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rodents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sabotage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water damage (various)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: transparent; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fraud<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: transparent; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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much will downtime cost your business??</span><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;"><u>PrOTeCTiNg InTeLLeCTuAL AsSeTs:-<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Organizational
information is intellectual capital – it must be protected.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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security – the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse
by persons inside or outside an organization.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.5pt;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">E-business
automatically crates tremendous information security risks for organization.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: red;">Percentage of IT Budget
Spent on Information Security</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Average Reported Computer
Security </span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: red;">Expenditure/Investment
per Employee</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-59997179941894097362013-07-13T19:19:00.002+08:002013-09-30T23:02:32.197+08:00CHAPTER 4:MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF STRATEGIC INITIATIVES<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; text-indent: -18pt;"> Key performance indicator - measures that are tied to business drivers.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;"> Metrics are detailed measures that feed KPIs.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Performance metrics fall into the nebulous area of business intelligence that is neither technology, nor business centered, but requires input from both IT and business professionals.</span></span></li>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u style="background-color: black;">EfFiCiEnCy AnD EfFeCTiVeNeSs:-</u></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: yellow;">></span><span style="color: red;">Efficiency IT metric</span><span style="color: yellow;"> - </span></i><span style="color: yellow; text-indent: -18pt;">measure the performance of the IT system itself including throughout speed and availability.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: yellow;"> ></span><span style="color: red;">Effectiveness IT metric </span><span style="color: yellow;">- </span></i><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;">measures the impact IT has on business processes and activities including customers satisfaction conversion rates and self-through increases.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u style="background-color: black;">BeNcHmArKiNg~BaSeLiNiNg </u></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Symbol;">·</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> > </span></span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Regardless or what is measured, how it is measured and whether it is for the sake of efficiency or effectiveness, there must be benchmarks - beseline values the system seek to attain.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> ><i>Benchmarking </i>is<i> </i>a process of continuously measuring system results, comparing those results to optimal system performance and identifying to improve system performance.</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;">Efficiency IT metrics focus on technology and include :</span></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"> Throughput</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> - the amount of information that can travel trough a system at any point.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">Transaction speed</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> - the amount of time a system takes to perform a transaction.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">System availability</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> - the number of hours a system is available for users.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"> Information accuracy</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> - the extent to which a system generates the correct results when executing the same transaction numerous times.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;">Web traffic</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> - includes a host of benchmarks such as the number of page views, the number of unique visitors, and the average time spent viewing a Web page.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: yellow;"> Response time</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #6fa8dc;"> - the time it takes to respond to user interactions such as a mouse click.</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif;">Effectiveness IT metrics focus on an organization’s goals, strategies, and objectives and include:</span><br />
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #93c47d;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> Usability </span><span style="background-color: black; color: #93c47d;">– The ease with which people perform transactions and/or find information. A popular usability metric on the Internet is degrees of freedom, which measures the numbers of clicks required to find desired information.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #93c47d;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">Customer satisfaction</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #93c47d;"> – Measured by such benchmarks as satisfaction surveys, percentage of existing customers retained, and increases in revenue dollars per customer.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #93c47d;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">Conversion rates </span><span style="background-color: black; color: #93c47d;">– The number of customers an organization “touches” for the first time and persuades to purchase its products or services. This is a popular metric for evaluating the effectiveness of banner, pop-up, and pop-under ads on the Internet.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #93c47d;"> </span><span style="color: cyan;"> Financial</span><span style="color: #93c47d;"> – Such as return on investment (the earning power of an organization’s assets), cost-benefit analysis (the comparison of projected revenues </span></span><span style="color: #93c47d; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="color: #93c47d; text-indent: -18pt;">and costs including development, maintenance, fixed, and variable), and break-even analysis (the point at which constant revenues equal ongoing costs).</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif;">Security is an issue for any organization offering products or services over the Internet.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>It is inefficient for an organization to implement Internet security, since it slows down processing:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 33px; text-align: center;">☑</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">However, to be effective it must implement Internet security.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: lime;"><span style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 33px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 33px; text-align: center;">☑</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Secure Internet connections must offer encryption and Secure Sockets Layers (SSL denoted by the lock symbol in the lower corner of a browser) .</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #666666;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan;"> </span><span style="color: yellow;">Web Site Metrics:</span></span></div>
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</div>
<ul style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;">Abandoned registrations</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> – Number of visitors who start the process of completing a registration page and then abandon the activity.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"> Abandoned shopping carts</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> – Number of visitors who create a shopping cart and start shopping and then abandon the activity before paying for the merchandise.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: cyan;"> </span><span style="color: magenta;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Click-through</span><span style="color: cyan;"> – people who visit a site, click on an ad, and are taken to the site of the advertiser.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"> Conversion rate </span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">– potential customers who visit a site and actually buy something.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: cyan; text-indent: -18pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: magenta;">Cost-per-thousand (CPM)</span><span style="color: cyan;"> – sales dollar generated per dollar of advertising. This is commonly used to make the case for spending money to appear on a search engine.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"> Page exposures</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> – average number of page exposure to an individual visitor.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"> Total hits </span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;">– number of visits to a web site, many of which may be by the same visitor.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"> Unique visitor</span><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan;"> – number of unique visitors to a site in a given time. This is commonly used by Nielsen/Net ratings to rank the most popular Web site.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u style="background-color: black;">SuPpLy ChAiN MaNaGeMeNt </u></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u style="background-color: black;"><br /></u></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u style="background-color: black;">MeTrIcS:-</u></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u style="background-color: black;"><br /></u></span></b></div>
<ul style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Back order - an unfilled customer order.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Customer order promised cycle time - the anticipated or agreed upon cycle time of a purchase order.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Customer order actual cycle time - to actually fill a customer’s purchase order.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Inventory replenishment cycle time - measure of the manufacturing cycle time plus</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">the time included to deploy the product to the appropriate distribution center.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Inventory turns ( inventory turnover ) - the number of times that a company’s inventory cycles or turns over per year.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; line-height: 18px;"><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /></span>
</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u style="background-color: black;"><b> </b><b>CuStOmEr ReLaTiOnShIP </b></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><b style="background-color: black;">MaNaGeMeNt MeTrIcS:-</b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 18px; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: red;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 18px; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-indent: -18pt;">Customer relationship management metrics measure user satisfaction and interaction and include :</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: red;"><span style="line-height: 33px; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: lucida grande, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">></span></span><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">Sales metrics.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: red;"><span style="line-height: 33px; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: lucida grande, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">></span></span><span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">Service metrics.</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 33px; text-align: center;">> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-indent: -18pt;">Marketing metrics.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: magenta;"><b>BPR and ERP METRICS - </b><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">The balanced scorecard enables organizations to measures and manage strategic initiatives.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u style="background-color: black;"><br /></u></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-15087211367708832552013-07-04T00:27:00.002+08:002013-07-14T18:29:54.039+08:00CHAPTER 3: STRATEGIC INITIATIVES FOR IMPLEMENTING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES<span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;"><u>StRaTeGiC iNiTiATiVeS:~</u></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Organizations can undertake high-profile strategic initiatives including:</span></li>
</ul>
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<ol>
<li><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: yellow;">Supply Chain Management (SCM).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: yellow;"> Customer Relationship Management (CRM).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: yellow;"> Business Process Reengineering (BPR).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: yellow;"> Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP).</span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<br />
<span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span>
<span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;">1. <i>SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM):</i></span><br />
<span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<img height="388" src="http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/kentoh/kentoh1003/kentoh100300655/6663263-supply-chain-management-scm-industry-in-3d.jpg" width="640" />
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: cyan; font-size: large;">It involves the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: cyan; font-size: large;">For basic components of supply chain management include:</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="color: cyan; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Supply chain strategy - strategy for managing all resources to meet customer demand.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2. Supply chain partner - partners throughout the supply chain that deliver finished products, raw materials, and services.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 3. Supply chain operation - schedule for production activities.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 4. Supply chain logistics - product delivery process.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble (P&G) SCM:</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span>
<img height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhduTnc-dik4qlLEyPfgZgHCvzKXLBgmp8qq8sQStIRBiquWf4YAkqNXK3YqaqUMgNcV9l0c_75ydMQgWGuJLAuV1_vqhRdYxakFluJVkJ1BA_RVDBeA351wrGvxJp6oU2a2aRKipDAk2zN/s640/scm-walmart.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<span style="color: magenta; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Effective and efficient SCM systems can enable an organization to:</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> -Decrease the power of its buyers.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> -Increase its own supplier power.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> -Increase switching cost to reduce the threat of substitute products or services.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> -Create entry barriers thereby reducing the threat of new entrants.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> -Increase efficiencies while seeking a competitive advantage through cost leadership.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Effective and efficient SCM systems effect on Porter's Five Forces:</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<img height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwKMhOlnSXrnHldIIJUvd7oxb7NnSYGJ65aH7_4pkOiH_DJT5FPnljp4tbDspzftl8UdV8RQRvZQqv37J7pAysN5-lTKEJzCm3euPmQwsxVExnjm5XCcItDHKif19Y0VX_gBvrDy7RZ6Kk/s640/5forces-3.jpg" width="640" /></div>
<div>
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">2. <i>CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM):</i></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<img height="424" src="http://www.harvestsolutions.net/Portals/53955/images/crm2.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><i>CRM </i>involves managing all aspects of a customer's relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention and an organization's profitability.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Many organizations, such as Charles Schwab and Kaiser Permanente, have obtained great success through the implementation of CRM systems.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">CRM is not just technology, but a strategy, process, and business goal that an organization must embrace on an enterprisewide level.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">CRM can enable an organization to:</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #c27ba0; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-Identify types of customers.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> -Design individual customer marketing <span style="background-color: white;">campaigns.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> -Treat each customer as an individual.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> -Understand customer buying behaviors.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">CRM overview:</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img height="400" src="http://tech.gaeatimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/crm-pic.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">3.<i> BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING:</i></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div>
<img height="577" src="http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/radiantskies/radiantskies1210/radiantskies121000051/15995939-abstract-word-cloud-for-business-process-reengineering-with-related-tags-and-terms.jpg" width="640" /></div>
<div>
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Business process - a standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task, such as processing a customer's order.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">BPR - the analysis and redesign of workflow within and between enterprises.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: #76a5af; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">-</span><span style="color: #ffd966; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The purpose of BPR is to make all business processes best-in<span style="background-color: white;">-class.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Reengineering the Corporation - book written by Michael Hammer and James Champy that recommends seven principles for BPR:</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<ol>
<li><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Organize around outcomes, not task.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Identify all the organization's processes and prioritize them in order of redesign urgency.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Integrate information processing work into the real work that produces the information.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Treat geographically dispersed resources as though they were centralized.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Link parallel activities in the workflow instead of just integrating their results.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Put the decision point where the work is performed, and build control into the process.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Capture information once and at the source.</span></li>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Finding Opportunity Using BPR:</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">>A company can improve the way it travels
the road by moving from foot to horse and then horse to car.</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.38in;">BPR looks at taking a different path,
such as an airplane which ignore the road completely.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">>Progressive Insurance Mobile Claims Process.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: magenta;">>Types of change an organization can achieve, along with the magnitudes of change and the potential business benefit.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">4.<i>ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP):</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">>Enterprise resource planning (ERP) – integrates all departments and functions throughout an organization into a single IT system so that employees can make decisions by viewing enterprisewide information on all business operations.</span></div>
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<div style="color: #6fa8dc;">
>Keyword in ERP is “enterprise”.</div>
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<span style="color: #e06666;">><span style="background-color: transparent;">ERP systems collect data from across an organization and correlates the data generating an enterprisewide view.</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-74735385362199328672013-07-02T14:37:00.000+08:002013-07-14T18:27:23.928+08:00CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFYING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>InTrOdUcTiOn:~</u></span><br />
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">What is Competitive advantage ?</span><br />
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><u style="color: lime; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">A product or service that an organization's customers place a greater value on than similar offerings from a competitor.</u></li>
<li><u style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Unfortunately, CA istemporary because competitiors keep duplicate the strategy.</u></li>
<li><u style="color: yellow; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Then, the company should start the new competitive advantage.</u></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><u></u></span><br />
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">~Five Forces Model by Michael Porter</span><span style="color: yellow;"> <u>- </u></span><span style="color: #c27ba0;">useful tools to aid organizations in challenging decision whether to join a new industry or industry segment.</span></span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oLBrxQALcdY/UdJij_WF7aI/AAAAAAAAAO4/JbZBfiaPDd0/s486/five+forces+analysis.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="490" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oLBrxQALcdY/UdJij_WF7aI/AAAAAAAAAO4/JbZBfiaPDd0/s640/five+forces+analysis.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> </i><i style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">1.</span></i><i style="color: magenta; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"> BUYER POWER:</i><br />
<span style="color: #c27ba0; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">>High - when buyers have many choices of whom to buy. </span><br />
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> >Low - when their choices are few.</span><br />
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> >To reduce buyer power and create competitive advantage, an organization must make it more attractive to buy from the company not from the competitors.</span><br />
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> >Best practices of IT-based</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;"> </span><span style="color: yellow;"> ~Loyalty program in travel industry.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> ~For example, rewards on free airline tickets or hotel stays.</span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;">2.</span> <i><span style="color: red;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SUPPLIER POWER:</span></span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></i></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: lime;">#<i style="font-size: x-large;"> </i></span></span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">High - when buyers have few choices of whom to buy from.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> # Low - when their choices are many.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"># Supplier power is the converse of buyer power.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"> </span><span style="color: cyan;">~Best practices of IT to create competitive advantage.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;"> </span><span style="color: cyan;">~For example, B2B marketplace - private exchange allow a single buyer to post it need and then open the bidding to any supplier who would care to bid. Reverse auction is an auction format in which increasingly lower birds.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: cyan;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="color: yellow;">3.</span> </span> <span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;"><i>THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT AND SERVICES:</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: cyan; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">>High - when there are many alternatives to a product or service.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: cyan;"> </span><span style="color: magenta;">>Low - when there are few alternatives from which to choose. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: cyan;"> </span><span style="color: magenta;">>Ideally, an organization would like to be on a market in which there are few substitutes of their product or services.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: magenta;"> </span><span style="color: red;">-Best practices of IT.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"> -For example, electronic product same function different brands.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: cyan;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: cyan;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;"> </span><span style="color: cyan;"><span style="font-size: large;">4.</span> <span style="font-size: large;"><i>THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS:</i></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #c27ba0; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">* High - when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market.</span><br />
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> * Low - when there are significant entry barriers to entering a market.</span><br />
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> * Entry barriers is a product or service feature that customers have come to expect from organizations and must be offered by entering organization to compete and survive.</span><br />
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> * Best practices of IT.</span><br />
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> -</span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For example, new bank must offers online paying bills, account monitoring to compete.</span><br />
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<span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: lime; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">5.<i> RIVALRY AMONG EXISTENCE COMPETITORS:</i></span><br />
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">>High - when competition is fierce in a market.</span><br />
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> >Low - when competition is more complecent.</span><br />
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> >Best Practices of IT.</span><br />
<span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">~Wal-mart and its suppliers using IT-enable system for communication and track product at aisles by effective tagging system.</span><br />
<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> ~Reduce cost by using effective supply chain.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>ThE ThReE GeNeRiC StRaTeGiEs:~</u></span><br />
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<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1. </span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cost Leadership</span><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> - </span><span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">becoming a low cost producer in the industry allows the company to lower prices to customers. Competitors with higher cost cannot afford to compete with low cost leader on price.</span><br />
<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2.</span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Differentiation</span><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> - </span><span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Create competitive advantage by distinguish their products on one or more features important to their customers. Unique features or benefits may justify price differences and/or stimulate demand. Ex: i-care by Proton.</span><br />
<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3. </span><span style="color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Focused Strategy</span><span style="color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> - </span><span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Target to a niche market, concentrates on either cost leadership or differentiation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #c27ba0;"><br /></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14607704087186158459noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2318392405098925757.post-31862801996929285572013-07-02T12:15:00.000+08:002013-07-14T18:25:42.242+08:00CHAPTER 1: BUSINESS DRIVEN TECHNOLOGY.<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></h3>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2065880833160240889" itemprop="description articleBody" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 586px;">
<span style="color: cyan;"><b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">LeArNiNG </span></span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: cyan;"><b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></u></b></span></span></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2065880833160240889" itemprop="description articleBody" style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 586px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: cyan;"><b><u><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></u></b></span></span></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2065880833160240889" itemprop="description articleBody" style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; position: relative; width: 586px;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: cyan;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"> OuTcOmE</span></u></b></span><b style="color: cyan;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">s</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">:~</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<ul style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">Compare management information systems (MIS) and information technology (IT).</span></u></b></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Describe the relationships among people, information technology,and information.</span></u></b></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="color: #8e7cc3;">Identify four different departments in a typical business and explain how technology helps them to work together. </span></u></b></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Compare the four different types of organizational information cultures and decide which culture applies to your school.</span></u></b></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 33px;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><u>InFoRmAtIoN TeChNoLoGy's RoLe iN BuSiNeSs:~</u></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u><br /></u></span><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"></span></span><br />
<ul style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><u><span style="color: cyan;">Information technology is everywhere in business.</span></u></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><u>InFoRmAtIoN TeChNoLoGy's ImPaCt On BuSiNeSs OpErAtIoNs:~</u></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: large;">~Business Functions Receiving the Greatest Benefits from Information Technology:</span><br style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /></span><br />
<ul style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Customer Services</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;"> - </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">70%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Finance</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;"> - </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">51%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Sales and Marketing </span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">- </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">42%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">IT Operations</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;"> - </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">39%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Operations Management</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;"> - </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">31%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Human Resources</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;"> - </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">17%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Security</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;"> - </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">17%</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-size: large;">~Information Technology Project Goals:</span></div>
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">Reduce Costs/Improve Productivity</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">-</span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;"> 81%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">Improve Customer Satisfaction/Loyalty</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">- </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">71%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">Create Competitive Advantage</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">-</span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;"> 66%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">Generate Growth</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">-</span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;"> 54%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">Streamline Supply Chain</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">- </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">37%</span></span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;">Global Expansion</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;">- </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: large;">16%</span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #f1c232;">~COMMON DEPARTMENTS IN AN ORGANIZATION:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: cyan;"><b>ACCOUNTING</b> <b> </b></span><span style="color: yellow;"><b>MARKETING</b></span><b><span style="color: cyan; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span>OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: cyan; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: orange;">HUMAN RESOURCES </span><span style="color: magenta;">PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #f1c232;">FINANCE </span><span style="color: #6fa8dc;"> SALES</span><span style="color: #45818e;"> </span><span style="color: lime;"> MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS</span></span></b></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Organizations typically operate by </span></span></b></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">functional</span></span></b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span></b><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">areas or functional silos.</span></span></b></span><br />
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<li style="color: white; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Functional areas are interdependent.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="color: magenta;"> </span><span style="color: cyan;"> </span></span></span></b></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><u>InFoRmAtIoN TeChNoLoGy BaSicS :~</u></span></b></span></span><br />
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Information technology (IT)</span></b><span style="color: cyan;"> - a field concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Information technology is an important enabler of business success and innovation.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">When beginning to learn about information technology it is important to understand - a)Data, information, and business intelligent b)IT resource</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Management information system (MIS)</span><span style="color: cyan;"> </span></b><span style="color: cyan;">- a general name for the business function and academic discipline covering the application of people, technologies and procedures to solve business cultures.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">MIS is a business function similar to Accounting, Finance, Operations and Human Resources.</span></li>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><u>InFoRmATiOn:~</u></span></b></span></span><br />
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">DATA</span> -</b><span style="color: red;">raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">INFORMATION</span> -</b><span style="color: red;">data converted into a meaningful and useful context.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE</span> -</b><span style="color: red;">applications and technologies that are used to support decision - making efforts.</span></span></li>
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<span style="color: lime; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>IT CuLtUrEs :~</u></span></b></span><span style="color: lime; font-size: x-large;"><u><br style="font-weight: normal;" /></u></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: cyan; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Organizational information culture include :-</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #f1c232;">Information Functional Culture</span> -<span style="color: #cc0000;"> </span></b><span style="color: #e06666;">employees use information as a means of exercising influence or power over others. For example, a manager in sales refuse to share information with marketing. This causes marketing to need sales manager's input each time a new sales strategy is developed.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #f1c232;">Information Inquiring Culture </span>-<span style="color: #e06666;"> </span></b><span style="color: #e06666;">Employees across departments search for information to better understand the future and align themselves with current trends and new directions.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #f1c232;">Information Discovery Culture</span> - </b><span style="color: #e06666;">Employees across departments are open to new insight about crisis and radical changes and seek ways to create competitive advantages.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #f1c232;">Information Sharing Culture </span>- </b><span style="color: #e06666;">Employees across departments trust each other to use information (especially about problems and failures) to improve performance.</span></span></li>
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